饲养系统和日粮对羔羊屠宰性能和肌肉矿物质含量的影响

文章旨在探讨不同饲养系统和日粮对羔羊生长、屠宰性能及肌肉矿物质含量的影响。试验将平均体重为（13.97±0.55）kg的120只羔羊随机分为3组，每组4个重复，每个重复10只。T1组在室内饲喂基础浓缩料，每天补充100 g稻草，T2组在室内饲喂基础浓缩料，每天补充100 g稻草和锌硒复合矿物质（0.2 mg/d硒，50 mg/d锌），T3组在室外放牧，除了采食苜蓿草外，每天额外补充100 g稻草和100 g燕麦。试验时间为9周。结果：T1和T2组羔羊的末重、日增重、半胴体重、下肢深度、下肢重量、眼肌面积、颈、胸肌、肾重量均显著高于T3组（P＜0.05），但骨盆骨重量显著低于T3组（P＜0.05）。各处理组羔羊的可食用部分和骨盆肌肉重量无显著差异（P＞0.05）。T2组63 d羔羊血液硒含量较T1和T3组分别显著提高了19.83%和25.0%（P＜0.05），血液锌含量较T1和T3组分别显著提高了31.71%和45.91%（P＜0.05）。T3组羔羊肌肉钙含量较T1和T2组分别显著提高了8.79%和5.37%（P＜0.05）。T2羔羊肌肉硒和锌含量较T1和T3组分别显著提高了41.18%、65.52%和38.19%、46.15%（P＜0.05），T2和T3组羔羊肌肉钾含量较T1组分别显著提高了3.27%和4.28%（P＜0.05）。结论：在本试验条件下，放牧羔羊胴体的脂肪含量低于室内饲养的羔羊，室外放牧可以提高肌肉钙和钾含量，但肌肉硒含量降低。 [关键词]饲养系统|羔羊|屠宰性能|矿物质     

基于注意力机制及多尺度特征融合的番茄叶片缺素图像分类方法

针对番茄早期缺素性状不明显及各生长期特征差异较大所导致的特征区域尺寸不一致、难提取、难辩别等问题，提出了一种基于注意力机制及多尺度特征融合卷积神经网络的番茄叶片缺素图像分类方法（Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Convolutional Neural Networks Based On Atte ntion Mechanism，MSFF-AM-CNNs）。首先根据番茄叶片缺素特点提出了多尺度特征融合结构（Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Module，MSFF Module）；其次在DenseNet基础上，结合浅层网络主要提取纹理、细节特征，深层网络主要提取轮廓、形状特征的特点分别提出具有针对性的特征提取方法，通过不同形式引入注意力机制及多尺度特征融合结构，使全局多尺度信息融合多个特征通道、选择性地强调信息特征并达到对特征精准定位的功能；同时引入Focal Loss函数以减少易分类样本的权重。试验结果表明，MSFF-AM-CNNs的平均召回率、平均F1得分、平均准确率较原模型DenseNet-121均大幅提升，其中缺氮和缺钾叶片的准确率分别提高了8.06和6.14个百分点，召回率分别提高了6.31和5.00个百分点，F1得分分别提高了7.25和5.55个百分点，平均识别准确率可达95.92%，具有较高的识别准确率及广泛的适用性，能够满足番茄叶片缺素图像的高精度分类需求，可为植物叶片缺素识别提供参考。     

Quantitative CT assessment of bone mineral density in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism

Canine hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) is one of the most common causes of general osteopenia. In this study, quantitative computed tomography (QCT) was used to compare the bone mineral densities (BMD) between 39 normal dogs and 8 dogs with HAC (6 pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism [PDH]; pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism, 2 adrenal hyperadrenocorticism [ADH]; adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism) diagnosed through hormonal assay. A computed tomogaraphy scan of the 12th thoracic to 7th lumbar vertebra was performed and the region of interest was drawn in each trabecular and cortical bone. Mean Hounsfield unit values were converted to equivalent BMD with bone-density phantom by linear regression analysis. The converted mean trabecular BMDs were significantly lower than those of normal dogs. ADH dogs showed significantly lower BMDs at cortical bone than normal dogs. Mean trabecular BMDs of dogs with PDH using QCT were significantly lower than those of normal dogs, and both mean trabecular and cortical BMDs in dogs with ADH were significantly lower than those of normal dogs. Taken together, these findings indicate that QCT is useful to assess BMD in dogs with HAC.     

葡萄果实发育不良与矿质元素关系的研究

为探明葡萄果实发育不良成因,以保定市清苑县南蛮营村葡萄园的土壤、叶片及一年生蔓为试验材料,测定其矿质元素含量。结果表明：发育正常与发育不良的葡萄树相比,发育正常树下的土壤碱解氮含量高30%、土壤全磷含量高105%、土壤速效磷高811%;发育正常与发育不良的葡萄树相比,发育正常树叶片P、Ca和Mn含量分别高30%、13%和33%;发育正常与发育不良的葡萄树相比,发育正常树主蔓N和Mn含量分布高31%和20%。     

Demonstration of uniformity of calcium absorption in adult dogs and cats

A meta‐analysis was conducted to understand quantitative aspects of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) absorption in adult dogs and cats. 34 studies in dogs and 14 studies in cats met the criteria for inclusion in the meta‐analysis. Intake and faecal excretion values of Ca and P were subjected to a modified Lucas test and subsequent regression analyses. According to the current scientific consensus, Ca true digestibility (absorption) should increase at low Ca intake and decrease at high Ca intake. If true, this should result in a nonlinear relationship between the percentage of Ca excreted and dietary Ca intake. The present meta‐analysis showed a highly significant linear relationship (p < 0.0001) between Ca intake and Ca excretion suggesting a lack of systematic quantitative adaptation in true Ca digestibility. This finding suggests either that the time period covered by standard digestion trials is too short to induce adaptation mechanisms or that dogs and cats at maintenance will not efficiently alter quantitative Ca absorption percentage according to the amount ingested. If the latter is true, a dietary Ca supply differing greatly from the recommended dietary intake might impair the health of cats and dogs when fed long term. The data plots for P intake and faecal excretion were less uniform suggesting other factors not just dietary intake influence faecal P excretion. In adult cats, the dietary Ca:P ratio strongly influenced the true digestibility of P, whereas this effect was less marked in adult dogs. Faecal P excretion was significantly correlated to faecal Ca excretion in both species (p < 0.0001), and surprisingly, the level of P intake did not appear to be an important determinant of true digestibility of P.     

Effect of feeding different levels of wheat roti on nutrient utilization and blood metabolite profile in semi‐captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of wheat roti (WR) on nutrient utilization and blood metabolites in Asian elephants fed roughages ad libitum. Nine (3 M, 6 F) Asian elephants (14–52 years of age, 1909–3968 kg BW) were used in an experiment based on replicated Latin square design. Animals in each group (n = 3) were assigned to one of the three dietary treatments in a manner that animals in all the three groups were exposed to all the three treatments in three different periods. Each feeding trial comprised 30 days (25 days of adaptation and 5 days collection period). The amount of WR fed to the elephants was 0.18, 0.12 and 0.06% of BW in groups I, II and III, respectively. They were allowed to forage in the nearby forests for 6 h/day and to bathe for 2 h/day. The animals had ad libitum access to cut Rohini (Mallotus philippensis) trees in their night shelter. Intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn were measured. Feed consumption was not significantly different among the groups. Significant (p < 0.01) decrease in digestibility of DM and GE and blood glucose concentration was observed with decreased level of WR in the diet. Feeding of WR at 0.06% of BW supplied adequate amount of DE, CP, Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn to meet requirement for adult maintenance. Feeding of WR in excess of 0.06% of BW supplied DE in excess of requirement, increased blood glucose concentration which may cause obesity and other associated health problems. It was concluded that the amount of WR should be restricted to 0.06% of BW in the diet of captive Asian elephants.     

Growth and nutrient accumulation of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) in agroforestry at different fertilizer levels

The Brazil nut tree(Bertholletia excelsa) is a frequent component of agroforestry systems in the Amazon because of its adaptation to nutrient-poor upland soils and multiple uses.We investigated the aboveground biomass production(kg dry weight),nutrient uptake and requirements(N,P,Ca,Mg,K) of Brazil nut trees of different sizes grown under agroforestry conditions and fertilized at different levels.Eight of 70 experimental trees with different size were harvested and stem,branches and leaves were separated.Nutrient contents were determined for three trees of varying size.Average tree growth was fast,but variability was high,suggesting considerable potential for the improvement of this economically important species.The trees responded to increased levels of fertilizer and lime with significantly increased foliar nutrient contents and growth,probably because of the improved availability of Mg and Ca for which the species seems to have a relatively high demand.In contrast to Brazil nut trees grown in forest or dense plantations,the agroforestry trees invested a substantial part of their biomass and nutrients in large branches and developed spreading crowns.To improve stem form,reduce competition with associated crops for light and recycle nutrients,regular pruning of lower branches or planting arrangements that favor self-pruning are recommended.These measures would also increase the recycling of Ca and Mg,large quantities of which are contained in the branches.     

《农村土地承包经营权要素编码规则》国家标准解读

农村土地承包经营权要素编码是开展农村土地承包管理的基础性工作。《农村土地承包经营权要素编码规则》(GB/T 35958-2018)于2018年9月1日开始实施,必将对规范农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作和促进土地承包管理信息化建设发挥极其重要的作用。为便于国家标准GB/T 35958-2018使用者理解和执行,本文对标准的主要内容进行分析和解读。介绍了GB/T 35958-2018的编制背景,分析了标准的内容要素和层次结构,剖析了标准中农村土地承包经营权要素的代码结构、编码方法和赋码规则,揭示了GB/T 35958-2018与国内相关标准的关系,特别是与NY/T 2538-2014的内在关联性,指出了GB/T 35958-2018在应用过程中需要注意的若干问题,并就及时宣贯和修订国家标准提出了建议。研究可望深化对农村土地承包经营权要素编码的认识,促进GB/T 35958-2018在农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作中的有效实施和规范应用。     

Spatial and temporal variation in otolith chemistry and its relationship with water chemistry: Stock discrimination of Sperata aor

Long‐whiskered catfish, Sperata aor (Hamilton 1822), is commercially important in food, ornamental and sport fisheries. The fish is mainly caught from the wild populations because its aquaculture practices are not commercialised. Inland fishery in the Ganga basin is mostly unorganised; hence, no published report is available on the trend of S. aor production from the selected habitat. In India, S. aor has been categorised vulnerable mainly due to natural and anthropogenic threats. Otolith chemistry shows variation with changing physico‐chemical conditions of the fish habitat. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the objective to analyse spatio‐temporal variations in water chemistry in relation to environmental factors; relationship between water and otolith chemistry; and spatio‐temporal variations in otolith chemistry to discriminate the stocks of S. aor inhabiting the River Ganga. Most of the element: Ca ratios in water samples did not show significant correlations with environmental factors, viz. temperature and conductivity. Only few element: Ca concentrations in otoliths were positively correlated to their corresponding ratios in the ambient water. In the selected study area, the S. aor populations were discriminated into four stocks possibly because of heterogeneous water chemistry at the sampling sites, and physical barriers. In the present study, otolith chemistry showed relatively low temporal variability as compared to spatial variability; thus, the classification accuracy of individuals to their original populations remained consistent over the selected time period. The findings could be useful in devising scientifically sound management strategies and/or any conservation plans for the vulnerable S. aor populations inhabiting the River Ganga.     

新疆吐鲁番地区‘无核白’葡萄水分和矿质元素周年吸收规律研究

为探究新疆吐鲁番地区‘无核白’葡萄水分和矿质元素的周年吸收规律,以4年生‘无核白’葡萄为试材,采用密闭式营养液循环供给系统栽培,避免了水分和矿质元素的流失,并设置低、中、高浓度(0.5、1.0和1.5倍标准配方浓度)的Hoagland营养液处理。在葡萄植株的生长发育过程中持续测定营养生长(新梢长度、新梢粗度、叶片面积)和生殖生长(果粒横径、果粒纵径、单果质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸)指标,检测和计算了不同发育阶段葡萄植株对水分和矿质元素的吸收量,并测定葡萄叶片和果实中矿质元素的含量变化。结果表明,中浓度营养液栽培的‘无核白’葡萄长势中庸,果实品质最佳,作为吐鲁番地区葡萄水分和矿质营养吸收量的参考依据,其生理需水量为每年4 149.5m~3·hm~(-2),矿质元素每公顷的吸收量分别为N 227.9 kg,P 22.9 kg,K 325.9 kg,Ca 341.8 kg,Mg 117.8 kg,Fe 1.9 kg,Mn 460.6 g,Cu 182.3 g,Zn 198.1 g,B 728.3 g。花后47~75 d,‘无核白’葡萄植株的水分和矿质元素吸收速率最大。叶片和果实中的矿质元素含量总体呈高浓度营养液处理中浓度营养液处理低浓度营养液处理的趋势。